Can you provide evidence that each Defend ingredient improves immunity and/or longevity in animal models?Updated 6 months ago
Beta-glucan:
Song et al. Enhancement of adaptive immune responses of aged mice by dietary intake of β-glucans, with special emphasis on anti-aging activity. Molecular Immunology 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.019
Song et al. Dietary Intake of β-Glucans Can Prolong Lifespan and Exert an Antioxidant Action on Aged Fish Nothobranchius guentheri. Rejuvenation Research 2020; https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2019.2223
Hu et al. Three Different Types of β-Glucans Enhance Cognition: The Role of the Gut-Brain Axis. Frontiers in Nutrition 2022; https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.848930
Shi et al. β-glucan attenuates cognitive impairment via the gut-brain axis in diet-induced obese mice. Microbiome 2020; https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00920-y
Quercetin:
Geng et al. Low-dose quercetin positively regulates mouse healthspan. Protein Cell 2019; https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-019-0646-8
Xu et al. Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age. Nature Medicine 2018; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0092-9
Li et al. Quercetin improves cognitive disorder in aging mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Food & Function 2021; https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo01900c
Yu et al. Quercetin reverses cardiac systolic dysfunction in mice fed with high-fat diet: Role of angiogenesis. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021; https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8875729
Vitamin D3:
Giampazolias et al. Vitamin D regulates microbiome-dependent cancer immunity. Science 2024; https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adh7954
Moore et al. Evidence that vitamin D3 reverses age-related inflammatory changes in the rat hippocampus. Biochemical Society Transactions 2005; https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0330573
Li et al. Vitamin D Improves Cognitive Impairment and Alleviates Ferroptosis via the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Aging Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015315
Kim et al. Vitamin D ameliorates age-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by increasing the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) 60 level. Experimental and Molecular Medicine 2024; https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-023-01125-7
Zinc:
Mocchegiani et al. Reversibility of the thymic involution and of age-related peripheral immune dysfunctions by zinc supplementation in old mice. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 1995; https://doi.org/10.1016/0192-0561(95)00059-b
Dardenne et al. Restoration of the Thymus in Aging Mice by in Vivo Zinc Supplementation. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 1993; https://doi.org/10.1006/clin.1993.1016
Wong et al. Zinc supplementation increases zinc status and thymopoiesis in aged mice. The Journal of Nutrition 2009; https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.106021
Sandusky-Beltran et al. Supplementation with zinc in rats enhances memory and reverses an age-dependent increase in plasma copper. Behavioural Brain Research 2017; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.007
Vitamin C:
Massie et al. Dietary Vitamin C Improves the Survival of Mice. Gerontology 1984; https://doi.org/10.1159/000212659
Massip et al. Vitamin C restores healthy aging in a mouse model for Werner syndrome. The FASEB Journal 2010; https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.09-137133
Abdollahifar et al. Vitamin C restores ovarian follicular reservation in a mouse model of aging. Anatomy & Cell Biology 2019; https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6624328/
Alcantara-Martos et al. Effect of vitamin C on fracture healing in elderly Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi rats. The Bone & Joint Journal 2007; https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.89b3.18007